genotype phenotype probabilities

Patterns of genetic inheritance obey the laws of probability. In a monohybrid cross, where the alleles present in both parents are known, each genotype shown in a Punnett Square is equally likely to occur. Since there are four boxes in the square, every offspring produced has a one in four, or 25%, chance of having one of the genotypes shown.

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Note to mac users -

A recent update is causing the illustrations to run poorly on the chrome and firefox browsers. I expect a future update will resolve this issue.

For the time being you will get the best performance on a mac with safari or opera.

pH

The definition of pH is straightforward: pH describes the concentration (or activity) of positively charged hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution. Underlying this definition is a set concepts that can be challenging to understand. The challenge comes from needing to appreciate:

Phase of the moon

The moon is second only to the sun as the most dynamic feature of our sky. It moves across the sky from east to west once every day and each month it goes from being invisible to the brightest object in the night sky and back to invisible again. These patterns result from the motions of the earth, moon and sun relative to each other.

Features of a wave

A standard set of terminology is used to describe the feature of waves.
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Boyle's Law

On Earth, naturally occurring matter exists in one of three phases: solid, liquid or gas. Matter in each phase exhibits distinct characteristics. Gases, for example, do not have a fixed volume or shape. As a result, gases respond to pressure changes by changing their volume. In other words, gases are compressible. In contrast, liquids and solids are not compressible. Their volume does not change in response to changing pressure. This is the reason air filled spaces in our ears “pop” during airplane takeoff and landings while the liquid filled spaces in our bodies do not. Boyle's Law describes this relationship between gas pressure and volume.

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Light reflection and refraction

Light is a complex phenomena. It exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties and its exact nature is not completely understood. This complexity makes it difficult for one model to describe all of light’s properties. As a result, different models are used to describe different aspects of light’s behavior. The electromagnetic wave theory explains light’s ability to travel through a vacuum. The light ray model, on the other hand, can describe interactions between light and matter.
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